CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE DATASHEET
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CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION |
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Chemical name |
Copper (elemental form) Cupric cation (ionic form) |
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Synonyms (of ionic form) |
Cupric ion, Copper (II) ion, Copper(2+), Copper ions; Copper(II)ions, etc. [1] |
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IUPAC name |
Copper Copper (2+) [1] |
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CAS No |
7440-50-8 [2] |
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REACH registration number |
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EC No |
231-159-6 [3] |
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Molecular formula |
Cu Cu2+ [1] |
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Substance group/chemical family |
inorganic compound, transition metal [4] |
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Appearance Physical state Odour Form
Colour |
solid [2] odourless (copper dust and mist)[2] ductile, malleable metal (elemental) [2] face-centered cubic crystal structure [4] red or reddish, lustrous [2] |
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USES AND HANDLING ISSUES |
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Relevant identified uses |
In building construction, including building wiring, plumbing, heating, switches and corrosion resistant piping; air conditioning and commercial refrigeration; builders' hardware, and architectural materials. In electrical and electronic products, for example power utilities, telecommunications, business electronics and lighting and wiring devices. In industrial machinery and equipment, such as in-plant equipment, industrial valves and fittings, nonelectrical instruments, off-highway vehicles, and heat exchangers. In transportation equipment, including automobiles, trucks and buses, railroads, marine vehicles, aircraft, and aerospace vehicles. In consumer and general products, such as appliances, cord sets, ordnance, consumer electronics, fasteners, coinage, utensils and cutlery, and miscellaneous items. In pesticides, insecticides and soil fertilizers. In alloys (brass, bronze, beryllium-copper). [2] |
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Handling considerations |
Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact. Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact. Recommendations for respirator selection. The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated. Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced. [2] |
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PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES |
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Molecular weight |
63,546 g/mol [3] |
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Bulk density/Specific gravity |
8,94 g/cm3 [2] |
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pH |
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EC |
58 MS/m, 101% IACS, aka. International Annealed Copper Standard (ETP, electrolytic tough pitch copper) [5] |
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Melting point |
1357.77 K (1084.62 °C) [4] |
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Boiling point |
2835 K (2562 °C) [4] |
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Flash point |
non combustible |
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Flammability |
not flammable |
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Vapour density |
5∙1016 - 33.6∙1018 1/m3 in diffuse vacuum arc [6] |
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Vapour pressure |
1 Pa at 1509 K [4] |
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Solubility in water |
not soluble |
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Solubility in organic solvents |
slightly soluble in dilute sulphuric acid or nitric acid and cold hydrochloric acid [2] slowly soluble in ammonia water [2] |
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Hydrolysis |
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Ionicity in water |
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Surface tension |
σ/mN/m2 = 1497 – 0,174 (T/K) (molten copper) [7] |
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Dispersion properties |
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Stability and reactivity |
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Chemical stability |
stable (elemental) stable complex ion (ionic form) [2] |
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Reactivity hazards |
Finely divided copper combined with finely divided bromates of barium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, or zinc will explode with heat, percussion and sometimes light friction. Mixtures of finely divided copper with chlorates or iodates explode on friction, shock or heating. Water must be prevented from coming into contact with molten metal to prevent an explosion. Becomes dull when exposed to air. In moist air gradually becomes coated with green basic carbonate. |
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Corrosivity |
More resistant to atmospheric corrosion than iron, forming green layer of hydrated basic carbonate. [2] |
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Polimerization |
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Incompatibility with various substances |
Incompatible with water, moist air, bromates, chlorates and iodates [2] |
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Special remarks on reactivity |
Explosion with light, heat and percussion. [2] |
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Physical, chemical and biological coefficients |
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Koc |
1.6020599913 logL/kg |
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Kow |
-0.571 log L/kg |
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pKa |
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Henry-constant |
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ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BEHAVIOUR |
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Artificial pollution sources Natural pollution sources |
copper mines, smelting plants Copper is present in concentration averaging about 4 ppm in limestone, 55 ppm in igneous rocks, 50 ppm in sandstones, and 45 ppm in shale. The marked concentrations of copper in shale and sandstones suggest that copper in the lithosphere exists largely as adsorbed ions, fine grained particles or as one of many discrete sedimentary copper minerals. |
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General terrestrial fate |
top few of centimeters organic spruce forest soils |
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General aquatic fate |
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General atmospheric fate |
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General persistence and degradability |
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Abiotic degradation and metabolites |
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Biodegradation and metabolites |
Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas fluorescens can both mobilize solid copper as a cyanide compound. A sample of the fungus Aspergillus niger was found growing from gold mining solution and was found to contain cyano complexes of such metals as gold, silver, copper, iron, and zinc. The fungus also plays a role in the solubilization of heavy metal sulfides. [4] |
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Bioconcentration |
The overall mean value and range (mg/kg DM) of copper are 6, 0 and 0, 9-27, 2 in different native plant species from a mountain area of central southern Norway. [9] |
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Volatilization |
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Photolysis |
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Hydrolysis |
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Soil adsorption and mobility |
The fate of copper with respect to its leachability in purely organic spruce forest soils was studied. Appreciable mobilization of copper occurred only with prolonged leaching at pH 2,8. Therefore, it does not appear likely that acidic rainfall will result in significant mobilization of copper from organic soils unless the pH of rainfall decreases to < pH 3. Estimated that approximately 50% of copper in the top few centimeters of these soils was organically bound, approx. 18% was in the hydroxyl-carbonate form, approx. 7% was in the adsorbed state, approx. 11% was bound by other anions and 6% was irreversibly adsorbed. Only 3% of the copper was extractable with water at pH 4, 5; hence only 3% was mobile at this pH. [2] |
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS |
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Measured data |
A study was conducted on the distribution of metals, including copper in the water and sediment of Kelang estuary in 1981. The mean total level of copper was 10, 0 µg/l. The levels of these metals may still be considered safe for aquaculture, if the farm is located at least 10 km away from the river mouth. [2] |
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ECOTOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION |
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General adverse effects on ecosystem |
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Acute toxicity (LC50, EC50) |
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Aquatic systems Terrestrial systems |
Sarotherodon mossambica (96 hr) LC50 = 58 mg/L [9] |
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Chronic toxicity (NOEC, LOEC) |
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Aquatic systems Terrestrial systems |
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HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS and PROTECTION |
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Routes of human exposures |
Inhalation, skin or eye contact. [2] |
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General effects |
Fumes from the heating of metallic copper can cause metal fume fever, nausea, gastric pain and diarrhoea. Chronic copper toxicity does not normally occur in humans because of transport systems that regulate absorption and excretion. [4] |
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Endocrine disruption |
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Mutagenicity |
In a test, mice were gavaged for six consecutive days with either water, 33,2 mg/kg iron, or 8,5 mg/kg copper. On the 7th day, the neutral and alkaline comet assays in whole blood and the bone marrow micronucleus (MN) test were used as genotoxicity and mutagenicity endpoints, respectively. Copper induced the highest mutagenicity as evaluated by the MN test. [10] |
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Carcinogenicity |
not carcinogen [8] |
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Reprotoxicity |
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Teratogenicity |
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Skin, eye and respiratory irritations
Metabolism: absorption, distribution & excretion |
Inhalation of copper fume can cause irritation in the upper tract of respiratory system. Contact with copper fume may also cause irritation of the eyes. Copper or copper salts may cause itching, redness, swelling or allergic contact dermatitis when contact with the skin. [2] |
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Exposure limits |
Immediately dangerous to health: 100 mg/cu m (copper dust or mist) [2] or 100 mg/m3 [4]. |
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Drinking water MAC |
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Other information dietary needs |
Copper is an essential trace element in plants and animals, but not all microorganisms. The human body contains copper at a level of about 1,4-2,1 mg/ kg of body mass. [4] |
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Animal toxicity data |
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Acute toxicity (LD50) |
Oreochromis niloticus (96-h): LD50= 58 mg/l [4] |
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Chronic toxicity (NOEL, LOEL) |
Oncorhynchus mykiss (NOEC = 17.9 µg/l [11] |
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ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS |
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EINECS regulation |
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OSHA regulations etc.
NIOSH regulations |
PEL (permissible exposure limit) for copper dust and fumes in the workplace as TWA (time-weighted average): 1 mg/m3. REL (recommended exposure limit) as TWA: 1 mg/m3. [4] |
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OTHER INFORMATION, SPECIAL REMARKS |
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Atomic properties Atomic radius Covalent radius Van der Waals radius Electronegativity (Pauling scale) Oxidation states of elemental form Ionization energies 1st 2nd 3rd Complexation Heat of vaporization Heat of fusion Molar heath capacity Isotopes naturally occurring artificial Magnetic ordering Mohs’ hardness Specific resistance Thermal conductivity Electrical resistivity Naming Discovery |
128 pm (empirical) 132±4 pm 140 pm 1,90 -2, +1, +2 (cupric cation), +3, +4
745,5 kJ/mol 1957,9 kJ/mol 3555 kJ/mol Complexing agent, coordination numbers 2 and 4. 300,4 kJ/mol 13,26 kJ/mol 24,440 J/(mol∙K)
63Cu (69, 09%), 65Cu (30, 91%) 9 known, including 64Cu and 67Cu diamagnetic 3,0 1,673 µOhm/cm 401 W/(m∙K) 16.78 nΩ·m (at 20 °C) after Cyprus, the principal mining area in Roman era Middle East (9000 BC) [2], [4] |
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CREATED, LAST UPDATE |
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27th of May, 2018 |
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29th of May, 2018 |
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REFERENCES |
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[1] PubChem https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/cupric_ion [2] TOXNET https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search2/f?./temp/~BYkgom:3 [3] European Chemicals Agency https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.028.326 [4] Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper [5] Sciencing https://sciencing.com/conductivity-copper-6307070.html [6] G. Lins: Collisional transfer and neutral copper vapour density during a diffuse vacuum arc, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 23, No. 7 [7] D. A. Harrison, D. Yan, S. Blairs: The surface tension of liquid copper, The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, Vol. 9, Pages 1111-1119, 1977 [8] GSI Environmental https://www.gsi-net.com/en/publications/gsi-chemical-database/single/140-copper.html [9] P. Pandari Reddy, R. Jagadeshwarlu, G. Sunitha Devi: Determination of lethal concentration (LC50) of copper to Sarotherodon mossambica, International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 2016; 4(1): 172-175 [10] Prá D., Franke SI., Giulian R., Yoneama ML., Dias JF., Erdtmann B., Henriques JA.: Genotoxicity and mutagenicity of iron and copper in mice, Biometals, 21(3), 289-97, 2008 [11] P. van Sprang, K. Delbeke: Acute and chronic ecotoxicity of soluble copper species in view of hazard classification of copper and copper compounds https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.028.326 |
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